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The present study investigates the sensitivity of the frequency distribution of precipitation rates to the closure employed
in the penetrative mass flux cumulus parameterization of Zhang and McFarlane in the Canadian regional climate model (CRCM)
and in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis third generation global atmospheric general circulation model
(AGCM3). The effects of an alternative prognostic closure for mass flux cumulus parameterization in place of the original
diagnostic closure are investigated. A set of experiments is performed in which changes in the frequency distribution of precipitation
rates and cloud base mass-flux are examined as a function of the parameters that define each closure scheme. The relationship
between the frequency distribution of precipitation and cloud base mass flux is examined and a self-consistent relation is
found when the depth of convection is taken into account. Experiments performed with the prognostic closure favor relatively
strong cloud base mass-flux and deep penetrative convection with relatively more intense convective precipitation. The mean
of the frequency distribution of convective precipitation is larger and the heavier events become more intense. Also, experiments
performed with the prognostic closure favor less frequent convective activity. However these changes in the distribution of
convective component of precipitation are generally offset by opposite changes in the distribution of the resolved large-scale
component of precipitation, resulting in relatively smaller changes in total precipitation. The altered partition of precipitation
between convective and large-scale components is found to alter the energy balance and the thermodynamic equilibrium structure
of the troposphere. The robustness found in the CRCM results regarding the sensitivity of the frequency distribution of precipitation
to changes in the closure of the deep convection parameterization is investigated by performing a similar analysis of AGCM3
simulations. A remarkable similarity of AGCM3 and CRCM results is found suggesting that the closure sensitivity identified
in this study is robust. 相似文献
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Stéphane Bodin Alexis Godet Virginie Matera Philipp Steinmann Jean Vermeulen Silvia Gardin Thierry Adatte Rodolfo Coccioni Karl B. Föllmi 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(2):327-341
The Faraoni Level is a short-lived oxygen-deficient event that took place during the latest Hauterivian. In order to improve
our understanding of the palaeoenvironmental conditions that occurred during this event, we have analysed the contents of
several redox-sensitive trace elements (U, V, Mo, As, Co, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr) from bulk limestone samples of late Hauterivian–early
Barremian age from three reference sections. U, V, Mo and As show consistent and significant enrichments during the Faraoni
event whereas the other redox-sensitive trace elements analysed here are not systematically enriched. In order to explain
this discrepant behaviour, we propose that the Faraoni Level was deposited during a period of anoxic conditions near the sediment–water
interface. The distinctive peaks in U, V, Mo and As contents are traceable throughout the three studied sections and represent
a good correlation tool which helps to identify the Faraoni Level and its equivalents in the western Tethyan realm and outside
of the Tethys. For example, a peak in U contents in upper Hauterivian sediments of the northwestern Pacific realm (ODP leg
185, site 1149) may well be an expression of the Faraoni event in this particular basin. 相似文献
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Virginie Garnier Daniel Ohnenstetter Gaston Giuliani 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(14):1245-1253
Ruby-bearing marbles from Nangimali, in the Azad-Kashmir, Pakistan, contain, besides phengite, different mica intergrowths: paragonite, phlogopite and aspidolite (sodium phlogopite). Both phlogopites, intimately linked and coexisting with paragonite, are fluorine rich, contrary to phengite and paragonite. F-enriched aspidolite is described for the first time. Phengite is either associated with phlogopite or could be isolated. The presence of aspidolite in the ruby-bearing marbles, together with other arguments such as salt solid inclusions and presence of anhydrite, suggest the implication of evaporites in the genesis of gem corundums. To cite this article: V. Garnier et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
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Airborne microphysical measurements and ground-based radar-reflectivity observations, collected at the near of a narrow cold frontal rainband during the FRONTS 87 experiment, are used to infer some characteristics of the precipitation: size-distribution, liquid or ice-water content, mass-weighted fallspeed, radar-reflectivity and relationships between pairs of these quantities. In the ice phase region, two different methods are proposed to calculate the radar reflectivity from the aircraft data. The influence of the choice of the ice particle type on the calculated quantities is discussed from the results of the first method. The second method is new: it is based upon the use of a roughness parameter estimated from the analysis of the two-dimensional particle images of ice precipitation. Although this method is tentative, it gives conclusive results for the two different flight levels studied here. 相似文献
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An expression for the inviscid horizontal velocity field at the surface of the Earth's core necessary to account for the poloidal main magnetic field and its secular variation seen at the Earth's surface is derived for an insulating mantle in the limit of infinite core conductivity. The starting point of derivation is Ohm's law rather than the magnetohydrodynamic induction equation. Maps of the resulting motion for epoch 1965.0 at different truncation levels are presented and discussed. 相似文献
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Virginie Garnier Gaston Giuliani Daniel Ohnenstetter Anthony E. Fallick Jean Dubessy David Banks Hong Quang Vinh Thrse Lhomme Henri Maluski Arnaud Pêcher Kausar Allah Bakhsh Pham Van Long Phan Trong Trinh Dietmar Schwarz 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):169
Marble-hosted ruby deposits represent the most important source of colored gemstones from Central and South East Asia. These deposits are located in the Himalayan mountain belt which developed during Tertiary collision of the Indian plate northward into the Eurasian plate. They are spatially related to granitoid intrusions and are contained in platform carbonates series that underwent high-grade metamorphism. All occurrences are located close to major tectonic features formed during Himalayan orogenesis, directly in suture zones in the Himalayas, or in shear zones that guided extrusion of the Indochina block after the collision in South East Asia. Ar–Ar dating of micas syngenetic with ruby and U–Pb dating of zircon included in ruby gives evidence that these deposits formed during Himalayan orogenesis, and the ages document the extensional tectonics that were active, from Afghanistan to Vietnam, between the Oligocene and the Pliocene.The petrography shows that ruby-bearing marbles formed in the amphibolite facies (T = 610 to 790 °C and P ~ 6 kbar). A fluid inclusion study defines the conditions of gem ruby formation during the retrograde metamorphic path (620 < T < 670 °C and 2.6 < P < 3.3 kbar) for the deposits of Jegdalek, Hunza and northern Vietnam.Whole rock analyses of non-ruby-bearing marbles indicate that they contain enough aluminum and chromiferous elements to produce all the ruby crystals that they contain. In addition, (C, O)-isotopic analyses of carbonates from the marbles lead to the conclusion that the marbles acted as a metamorphic closed fluid system that were not infiltrated by externally-derived fluids. The carbon isotopic composition of graphite in marbles reveals that it is of organic origin and that it exchanged C-isotopes with the carbonates during metamorphism. Moreover, the O-isotopic composition of ruby was buffered by metamorphic CO2 released during devolatilisation of marble and the H-isotopic composition of mica is consistent with a metamorphic origin for water in equilibrium with the micas. The (C, O, H)-isotopic compositions of minerals associated with marble-hosted ruby are all in agreement with the hypothesis, drawn from the unusual chemistry of CO2–H2S–COS–S8–AlO(OH)-bearing fluids contained in fluid inclusions, that gem ruby formed at P ~ 3 kbar and 620 < T < 670 °C, during thermal reduction of evaporite by organic matter, at high temperature-medium pressure metamorphism of platform carbonates during the Tertiary India–Asia collision. The carbonates were enriched in Al- and chromiferous-bearing detrital minerals, such as clay minerals that were deposited on the platform with the carbonates, and in organic matter. Ruby formed during the retrograde metamorphic path, mainly by destabilization of muscovite or spinel. The metamorphic fluid system was rich in CO2 released from devolatilisation of carbonates, and in fluorine, chlorine and boron released by molten salts (NaCl, KCl, CaSO4). Evaporites are key to explaining the formation of these deposits. Molten salts mobilized in situ Al and metal transition elements contained in marbles, leading to crystallization of ruby. 相似文献
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